Peru

Peru, officially the Republic of Peru, is a country located in western South America. It is bordered by Ecuador and Colombia to the north; Brazil to the east; Bolivia to the southeast; Chile to its south; and Pacific Ocean on its west coast. With an area of 1,285,216 km2 (496,225 sq mi), it is one of South America’s largest countries. The population was 31 million inhabitants as of July 2020. Its capital and largest city are Lima with 8 million inhabitants according to 2017 estimates from INEI – National Institute for Statistics and Informatics .

The Peruvian territory has been inhabited since ancient times—dating back 12 thousand years ago—and organized as a nation state since 1821 when it declared independence from Spain after centuries-long colonial rule that began in 1532. From then until today Peru remains an independent republic divided into 25 regions each led by their respective regional governments due their rich cultural heritage most notably expressed through Quechua Inca language still spoken throughout Andean region along with Spanish which became official language during 19th century upon establishment modern democratic government following War Independence against Spain ending Viceroyalty New Granada colonization period 1542–1824.. After World War II , economic reforms were implemented leading increased foreign investment private enterprise helping develop economy based mainly agriculture fishing mining industry tourism exports such Machu Picchu Nazca Lines being among world’s best known iconic archaeological sites drawing thousands visitors annually while also becoming source national pride identity worldwide recognition.,

In recent decades efforts have been made improve living standards poverty levels across nation raising GDP per capita US$7000 2019 making second highest income Latin American behind only Uruguay however inequality continues remain problem despite this progress literacy rate stands 93% signifying high level education public health system place providing universal care citizens free charge.. Notable international organizations like United Nations Human Rights Council Inter-American Court Justice both headquartered Switzerland maintain permanent offices Lima work promote protect civil liberties human rights within jurisdiction strengthen relationship between governmental institutions abroad provide legal assistance victims violations similar entities foster good governance dialogue political parties monitor elections ensure fair results held every five years elect President Parliament Congress Mayor other local officials responsible managing affairs related environment trade economy development etc… International relations play major role maintaining stability security region acting intermediary broker peace agreements diplomatic disputes arising neighboring countries or wider global sphere well conducting joint military operations combating terrorism drug trafficking illegal immigration crime corruption money laundering cybercrime pandemics deforestation climate change etc…